Lesson 20: Formation of Parasmaipada
Present and Future Participles

Formation
The present and future participles for Parasmaipada verbs are extremely easy to form. They add the standard endings you already know (as in मरुत् / सरित् / जगत् ) to the participial stem, which is simply the:
  • 3rd plural minus -इ (e.g., गच्छन्ति → गच्छन्त् ; गमिष्यन्ति → गमिष्यन्त्)
The main thing to note here is that this stem takes 2 forms: a strong stem (the one above) in the first 5 forms, and a weak one (lacking the nasal) in the rest.
  • For example, m. nom. sg., du. and pl. गच्छन् गच्छन्त्-औ गच्छन्त्-अः for the pres. ptc., and गमिष्यन् गमिष्यन्त्-औ गमिष्यन्त्-अः for the fut. ptc.
  • In the rest of the paradigm, गच्छत् and गमिष्यत्, for example, are the stem: m. s.ins. गच्छत्-आ गमिष्यत्-आ, m. du.ins. गच्छद्-भ्याम् गमिष्यद्-भ्याम्, etc.
For sample paradigms, see अदन्त् in Macdonell §85 below and गच्छन्त् in Deshpande:
  • Remember that words that you are actually going to use in a sentence (and therefore submit to sandhi) cannot end in a conjunct consonant. Hence, the m.s.nom. अदन्त् + स् or गच्छन्त् + स् (or गमिष्यन्त् + स्, since fut. ptcs. are treated just like pres. ptcs.) must be reduced to the first consonant of its cluster: *गच्छन्त्स् → गच्छन् , *अदन्त्स् → अदन्
The neuter follows the norm (जगत्) in that, as usual, the pl. nom./acc./voc. are strong (i.e., will have the nasal). In addition, however, it also follows a pattern similar to the feminine below in that the du. nom./acc./voc. are:
  • also strong in classes 1, 4, and 10. For example, the n. sg., du. and pl. in these cases of the present participle for 1P √गम् will be:
    • गच्छत् गच्छन्त्-ई गच्छन्त्-इ
  • either strong or weak for class 6 and for all future participles. For example, the n. sg., du., and pl. in these cases of the pres. ptc. for 6P तुद् and the fut. ptc. of गम् will be:
    • तुदत्, तुदन्त्-ई or तुदत्-ई , and तुदन्त्-इ
    • गमिष्यत्, गमिष्यन्त्-ई or गमिष्यत्-ई, and गमिष्यन्त्-इ
  • and, apart from a few exceptions, weak throughout the remaining classes (2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9). Hence अदत् in Macdonell above, which comes from a 2nd class root (अद्).
    • अदत् अदत्-ई अदन्त्-इ
And, as is often the case, the feminine is formed with the addition of an -ई suffix. It is added to the:
  • strong stem of 1/4/10th cl. pres. ptcs. (गच्छन्त्-ई, नृत्यन्त्-ई, चोरयन्त्-ई)
    and fut. ptcs. (गमिष्यन्त्-ई, नर्त्स्यन्त्-ई, चोरयिष्यन्त्-ई)
  • strong or weak stem of 6th cl. present participles (तुदन्त्-ई / तुदत्-ई) and future participles (तोत्स्यन्त्-ई / तोत्स्यत्-ई)
Since these f. stems now end in -ई , they regularly follow the f. -ई paradigm (नदी) and not the paradigm above (अदन्त् / गच्छन्त्): nom. गच्छन्ती गच्छन्त्यौ गच्छन्त्यः, गमिष्यन्ती गमिष्यन्त्यौ गमिष्यन्त्यः, etc. See Deshpande p. 166.