Introductory Sanskrit
  • Course
    • Contents
    • Fonts
    • Syllabus
    • Subhāṣitāni
    • Flashcards
    • Audio
    • Quizzes
    • Exams
    • Contact
  • Tables
    • 11 -अ Pres. System
    • -V / Pron. Paradigms
    • External Sandhi
    • Internal Sandhi
  • Lessons 1-10
    • 1 Sound / Script >
      • Vowels & Semivowels
      • Sparśa & Spirants
      • Exercises
    • 1 Script >
      • Exercise 1
      • Exercise 2
      • Exercise 3
      • Exercise 4
      • Exercise 5
    • 2 The Sentence >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 2 Predication
      • 2 Conjugation
      • Exercises
    • 3 Cases 1-2, S >
      • Flashcards (V/S)
      • 3 Case
      • 3 Nom./Acc.
      • 3 Apposition
      • 3 Sandhi
      • Exercises
    • 4 Gaṇas 4, 6, 10 >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • 4 4, 6, 10
      • Exercises
    • 5 Cases 3+ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 5 Cases 3-7, Voc.
      • Handouts
      • Exercises
    • 6 P Impf/v Opt >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Present System
      • Imperfect
      • Optative
      • Imperative
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 7 123 Pron. >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 123 Pronouns
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 8 यत्, -आ/ई/ऊ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Relative Clauses
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 9 MF -इ/-उ, S >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Sandhi
      • Exercises
    • 10 Ā. Pres., S >
      • Flashcards (V/P/S)
      • Ātmanepada Present
      • Vowel Sandhi
      • Exercises
  • 11-20
    • 11 Ā Imf/v/Opt >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Impf., Opt., Impv.
      • Exercises
    • 12 Gerund, Inf. >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • Gerund
      • Exercises
    • 13 -ऋ, Cons. S >
      • Flashcards (V/P/S)
      • -ऋ Stems
      • Exercises
    • 14 N -इ / -उ / ऋ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • N -इ / -उ / ऋ
      • Exercises
    • 15 उपसर्गाः >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • उपसर्गाः
      • Exercises
    • 16 Passive >
      • 16 Overview (The Passive)
      • 16 English
      • 16 Sanskrit
      • 16 Exercises
    • 17 -स्य Future >
      • 17 Overview (General Future)
      • 17 -i / sandhi
      • 17 Exercises
    • 19 -C Nouns >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 19 Overview (Cons-final Stems)
      • 19 Exercises
    • 20 P. pres. ptc. >
      • 20 Video
      • 20 English
      • 20 Formation (P pres. ptc.)
      • 20 Usage
      • 20 Exercises
  • 21-34
    • 21 Ā. pres. ptc. >
      • 21 Supplement (Ā. pres. ptc.)
      • 21 Exercises
    • 22 Past ptc. >
      • 22 Usage
      • 22 Formation (past ptc.)
      • 22 Exercises
    • 23 P/-मत्/-अत् >
      • 23 Overview (इदम्/-मत्/-अत्)
      • 23 Exercises
    • 24 2 & 3-Stems >
      • 24 Overview (2 & 3-Stems)
      • 24 Exercises
    • 25-31 Ath. >
      • 25-26 Class 2 >
        • 25 Exercises
        • 26 Exercises
      • 27 Class 3 >
        • 27 Exercises
      • 28 Class 5 >
        • 28 Exercises
      • 30 Class 8 >
        • 30 Exercises
      • 29 Class 7 >
        • 29 Exercises
      • 31 Class 9 >
        • 31 Exercises
    • 32 Compounds >
      • 32 Compounds (Example)
      • 32 Compounds (Overview)
      • 32 Exercises
    • 33 Absolutes >
      • 33 Video (restricted)
      • 33 Exercises
    • 34 Numerals >
      • 34 Video (restricted)
      • 34 Exercises
  • 35-44
    • 35 Gv/-आन/PF >
      • 35 Video (restricted)
      • 35 Exercises
    • 36 Perfect >
      • 36 Video (restricted)
      • 36 Exercises
    • 37 Aorist >
      • 37 Exercises
    • 38 Cond. / Ben. >
      • 38 Exercises
    • 40 Desid. >
      • 40 Exercises
    • 42 Freq. >
      • 42 Exercises
    • 43 Denom. >
      • 43 Exercises
  • कथाः
    • १ - बुद्धकथा
    • २ - शकुन्तलाकथा
    • ४ - रामकथा
    • ५ - श्रावणकथा
    • १० - सुभाषितानि
  • Reading
    • Verse
    • Dictionaries
    • Grammars, Primers, etc.
    • Commentary
    • मेघदूतम्
    • Of Interest

Internal Sandhi

  • I. Retroflexion
  • II. (De)voicing
  • III. (De)palatalization
  • IV. (De)aspiration
  • V. Nasals
<
>
 

Rule (1)
Example

Rule (2)
Example
these sounds

RUKI (k r non-a/ā vow)
haviḥ+su

retro. non-sparśa (ṛ ṝ r ṣ)
śarīra+ani
in spite of intervening

ṃ ḥ
haviḥ+su

vow. ṃ velars labials y v
śarīra+ani
will retroflex

s → ṣ
haviḥ+ṣu

n → ṇ
śarīra+aṇi
before

all but r / pause
haviḥṣu

vow. y v n m
śarīrāṇi

Rule (3)
retroflex sparśa/sibilant retroflexes dental sparśa
Example
kṛṣ+tvā → kṛṣṭvā (कृष् + त्वा → कृष्ट्वा)
 

1.
 

2.
Rule (1)

-V → +V // +V sparśas
 

+V → -V // -V
Examples

marut + bhiḥ → marudbhiḥ (मरुत् + भिः → मरुद्भिः)
[hence, pat + itvā → patitvā पतित्वा, not *paditvā]
tud + tvā → tuttvā (तुद् + त्वा → तुत्त्वा)
 

Rule

1.
 

2.
 

3.
 
 
 


4.
 

c → k // Consonant [except nasals, semivowels]

ś → ṣ // Consonant [except nasals, semivowels]

j behaves like c (→ k) or ś (→ ṣ) // Consonant [except nasals, semivowels]



c or j // n → ñ
Examples

muc + tvā → muktvā (मुच् + त्वा → मुक्त्वा)
   [hence, vimuc + ya = vimucya विमुच्य, not *vimukya]
viś + tvā → viṣṭvā (विश् + त्वा → विष्ट्वा); see I.3
   [hence, upaviś + ya = upaviśya उपविश्य, not *upaviṣya]
tyaj + tvā → tyaktvā (त्यज् + त्वा → त्यक्त्वा)
   [so, parityaj + ya = parityajya परित्यज्य, not *parityakya]
(yaj→) ij + tvā → iṣṭvā (इज् + त्वा → इष्ट्वा); see I.3
   [so, saṃyaj + ya = saṃyajya संयज्य, not *saṃyaṣya]

yāc + nā → yācñā (याच् + ना → याच्ञा)
yaj
+ na → yajña (यज् + न → यज्ञ)
 

1.
 
 

1a.
1b.
1c.
 

1d.
 

1e.
 


2.
3.
4.
Rule

+A → -A // C [except nasals, semivowels]
 
 
exception: (ś→) ṣ remains // t / th [→ retro.]
exception: (ś→) ṣ → k // conjugational s
backward aspiration within root:
initial g d b ← +A final gh dh bh h // dhv bh s
forward aspiration (voicing) of root onto suffix:
root-final gh dh bh h +V+A→ suffix-initial t th
-h forward aspirates, retroflexes dentals, is lost:
root (non-d)(vow)h + t/th/dh → (non-d)(long)ḍh

s → t // Consonant of redup. perf. ptc.
vas/gas → vat/gat // conjugational s
s disappears between -V C or +V dentals
Examples

kṣudh + bhiḥ → kṣudbhiḥ (क्षुध् + भिः → क्षुद्भिः)
   [so bādh + ya = bādhya बाध्य, not *bādya]
viś → vi[ṣ→ṭ→]ḍ // bhiḥ = viḍbhiḥ (III.2, II.1)
viś → viṣ // tvā →ṭvā = viṣṭvā (III.2, I.3)
dveṣ → k // si → ṣi = dvekṣi (I.1)
dah → dha[g→]k // sya → ṣya = dhakṣya (II.2, I.1)
gāh → ghā[g→]k // sya → ṣya = ghākṣya (II.2, I.1)
labh → la[p→]b // tvā → dhvā = labdhvā (II.1)
dah → da[k→]g // tvā → dhvā = dagdhvā (II.1)
gāh → ḍh ← tvā = gāḍhvā (गाह् + त्वा → गाढ्वा)
ruh → ūḍh ← tvā = rūḍhvā (रुह् + त्वा → रूढ्वा)

cakṛvas → cakṛvat // su = cakṛvatsu (चकृवत्सु)
vas → vat // sya = vatsya (वत्स्य)
abhak + s + ta → abhakta
 

1.
2.
2.
Rule

nasal → corresponding nasal // sparśa
nasal → anusvāra // sibilant
m → n // v-(initial-suffix)
Examples

gam → gan // tṛ = gantṛ (गन्तृ)
han → haṃ // si = haṃsi (हंसि)
jagam → jagan // vas = jaganvas (जगन्वस्)
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The header image for this site (a manuscript of Kālidāsa’s Raghuvaṃśa, 14.2-4) is provided by the University of Pennsylvania Libraries (Ms. Coll. 390, Item 1547) under a CC Attribution 4.0 license
  • Course
    • Contents
    • Fonts
    • Syllabus
    • Subhāṣitāni
    • Flashcards
    • Audio
    • Quizzes
    • Exams
    • Contact
  • Tables
    • 11 -अ Pres. System
    • -V / Pron. Paradigms
    • External Sandhi
    • Internal Sandhi
  • Lessons 1-10
    • 1 Sound / Script >
      • Vowels & Semivowels
      • Sparśa & Spirants
      • Exercises
    • 1 Script >
      • Exercise 1
      • Exercise 2
      • Exercise 3
      • Exercise 4
      • Exercise 5
    • 2 The Sentence >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 2 Predication
      • 2 Conjugation
      • Exercises
    • 3 Cases 1-2, S >
      • Flashcards (V/S)
      • 3 Case
      • 3 Nom./Acc.
      • 3 Apposition
      • 3 Sandhi
      • Exercises
    • 4 Gaṇas 4, 6, 10 >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • 4 4, 6, 10
      • Exercises
    • 5 Cases 3+ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 5 Cases 3-7, Voc.
      • Handouts
      • Exercises
    • 6 P Impf/v Opt >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Present System
      • Imperfect
      • Optative
      • Imperative
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 7 123 Pron. >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 123 Pronouns
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 8 यत्, -आ/ई/ऊ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Relative Clauses
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 9 MF -इ/-उ, S >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Sandhi
      • Exercises
    • 10 Ā. Pres., S >
      • Flashcards (V/P/S)
      • Ātmanepada Present
      • Vowel Sandhi
      • Exercises
  • 11-20
    • 11 Ā Imf/v/Opt >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Impf., Opt., Impv.
      • Exercises
    • 12 Gerund, Inf. >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • Gerund
      • Exercises
    • 13 -ऋ, Cons. S >
      • Flashcards (V/P/S)
      • -ऋ Stems
      • Exercises
    • 14 N -इ / -उ / ऋ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • N -इ / -उ / ऋ
      • Exercises
    • 15 उपसर्गाः >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • उपसर्गाः
      • Exercises
    • 16 Passive >
      • 16 Overview (The Passive)
      • 16 English
      • 16 Sanskrit
      • 16 Exercises
    • 17 -स्य Future >
      • 17 Overview (General Future)
      • 17 -i / sandhi
      • 17 Exercises
    • 19 -C Nouns >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 19 Overview (Cons-final Stems)
      • 19 Exercises
    • 20 P. pres. ptc. >
      • 20 Video
      • 20 English
      • 20 Formation (P pres. ptc.)
      • 20 Usage
      • 20 Exercises
  • 21-34
    • 21 Ā. pres. ptc. >
      • 21 Supplement (Ā. pres. ptc.)
      • 21 Exercises
    • 22 Past ptc. >
      • 22 Usage
      • 22 Formation (past ptc.)
      • 22 Exercises
    • 23 P/-मत्/-अत् >
      • 23 Overview (इदम्/-मत्/-अत्)
      • 23 Exercises
    • 24 2 & 3-Stems >
      • 24 Overview (2 & 3-Stems)
      • 24 Exercises
    • 25-31 Ath. >
      • 25-26 Class 2 >
        • 25 Exercises
        • 26 Exercises
      • 27 Class 3 >
        • 27 Exercises
      • 28 Class 5 >
        • 28 Exercises
      • 30 Class 8 >
        • 30 Exercises
      • 29 Class 7 >
        • 29 Exercises
      • 31 Class 9 >
        • 31 Exercises
    • 32 Compounds >
      • 32 Compounds (Example)
      • 32 Compounds (Overview)
      • 32 Exercises
    • 33 Absolutes >
      • 33 Video (restricted)
      • 33 Exercises
    • 34 Numerals >
      • 34 Video (restricted)
      • 34 Exercises
  • 35-44
    • 35 Gv/-आन/PF >
      • 35 Video (restricted)
      • 35 Exercises
    • 36 Perfect >
      • 36 Video (restricted)
      • 36 Exercises
    • 37 Aorist >
      • 37 Exercises
    • 38 Cond. / Ben. >
      • 38 Exercises
    • 40 Desid. >
      • 40 Exercises
    • 42 Freq. >
      • 42 Exercises
    • 43 Denom. >
      • 43 Exercises
  • कथाः
    • १ - बुद्धकथा
    • २ - शकुन्तलाकथा
    • ४ - रामकथा
    • ५ - श्रावणकथा
    • १० - सुभाषितानि
  • Reading
    • Verse
    • Dictionaries
    • Grammars, Primers, etc.
    • Commentary
    • मेघदूतम्
    • Of Interest