Internal Sandhi
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I. Retroflexion
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II. (De)voicing
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III. (De)palatalization
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IV. (De)aspiration
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V. Nasals
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>
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in spite of intervening
ṃ ḥ
haviḥ+su
vow. ṃ velars labials y v
śarīra+ani
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will retroflex
s → ṣ
haviḥ+ṣu
n → ṇ
śarīra+aṇi
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before
all but r / pause
haviḥṣu
vow. y v n m
śarīrāṇi
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Rule (3)
retroflex sparśa/sibilant retroflexes dental sparśa
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Example
kṛṣ+tvā → kṛṣṭvā (कृष् + त्वा → कृष्ट्वा)
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Examples
marut + bhiḥ → marudbhiḥ (मरुत् + भिः → मरुद्भिः)
[hence, pat + itvā → patitvā पतित्वा, not *paditvā] tud + tvā → tuttvā (तुद् + त्वा → तुत्त्वा)
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Examples
muc + tvā → muktvā (मुच् + त्वा → मुक्त्वा)
[hence, vimuc + ya = vimucya विमुच्य, not *vimukya] viś + tvā → viṣṭvā (विश् + त्वा → विष्ट्वा); see I.3
[hence, upaviś + ya = upaviśya उपविश्य, not *upaviṣya] tyaj + tvā → tyaktvā (त्यज् + त्वा → त्यक्त्वा)
[so, parityaj + ya = parityajya परित्यज्य, not *parityakya] (yaj→) ij + tvā → iṣṭvā (इज् + त्वा → इष्ट्वा); see I.3 [so, saṃyaj + ya = saṃyajya संयज्य, not *saṃyaṣya] yāc + nā → yācñā (याच् + ना → याच्ञा)
yaj + na → yajña (यज् + न → यज्ञ) |
1.
1a.
1b.
1c.
1d.
1e.
2.
3.
4.
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Rule
+A → -A // C [except nasals, semivowels]
exception: (ś→) ṣ remains // t / th [→ retro.]
exception: (ś→) ṣ → k // conjugational s
backward aspiration within root:
initial g d b ← +A final gh dh bh h // dhv bh s forward aspiration (voicing) of root onto suffix:
root-final gh dh bh h +V+A→ suffix-initial t th -h forward aspirates, retroflexes dentals, is lost:
root (non-d)(vow)h + t/th/dh → (non-d)(long)ḍh s → t // Consonant of redup. perf. ptc.
vas/gas → vat/gat // conjugational s
s disappears between -V C or +V dentals
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Examples
kṣudh + bhiḥ → kṣudbhiḥ (क्षुध् + भिः → क्षुद्भिः)
[so bādh + ya = bādhya बाध्य, not *bādya] viś → vi[ṣ→ṭ→]ḍ // bhiḥ = viḍbhiḥ (III.2, II.1) viś → viṣ // tvā →ṭvā = viṣṭvā (III.2, I.3)
dveṣ → k // si → ṣi = dvekṣi (I.1)
dah → dha[g→]k // sya → ṣya = dhakṣya (II.2, I.1)
gāh → ghā[g→]k // sya → ṣya = ghākṣya (II.2, I.1)
labh → la[p→]b // tvā → dhvā = labdhvā (II.1)
dah → da[k→]g // tvā → dhvā = dagdhvā (II.1)
gāh → ḍh ← tvā = gāḍhvā (गाह् + त्वा → गाढ्वा)
ruh → ūḍh ← tvā = rūḍhvā (रुह् + त्वा → रूढ्वा)
cakṛvas → cakṛvat // su = cakṛvatsu (चकृवत्सु)
vas → vat // sya = vatsya (वत्स्य)
abhak + s + ta → abhakta
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Examples
gam → gan // tṛ = gantṛ (गन्तृ)
han → haṃ // si = haṃsi (हंसि)
jagam → jagan // vas = jaganvas (जगन्वस्)
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