Internal Sandhi

  • I. Retroflexion
  • II. (De)voicing
  • III. (De)palatalization
  • IV. (De)aspiration
  • V. Nasals
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Rule (1)
Example
Rule (2)
Example
these sounds
RUKI (k r non-a/ā vow)
haviḥ+su
retro. non-sparśa (ṛ ṝ r ṣ)
śarīra+ani
in spite of intervening
ṃ ḥ
haviḥ+su
vow. ṃ velars labials y v
śarīra+ani
will retroflex
s → ṣ
haviḥ+ṣu
n → ṇ
śarīra+aṇi
before
all but r / pause
haviḥṣu
vow. y v n m
śarīrāṇi
Rule (3)
retroflex sparśa/sibilant retroflexes dental sparśa
Example
kṛṣ+tvā → kṛṣṭvā (कृष् + त्वा → कृष्ट्वा)
 
1.
 
2.
Rule (1)
-V → +V // +V sparśas
 
+V → -V // -V
Examples
marut + bhiḥ → marudbhiḥ (मरुत् + भिः → मरुद्भिः)
[hence, pat + itvā → patitvā पतित्वा, not *paditvā]
tud + tvā → tuttvā (तुद् + त्वा → तुत्त्वा)
 
Rule
1.
 
2.
 
3.
 
 
 
4.
 
c → k // Consonant [except nasals, semivowels]

ś → ṣ // Consonant [except nasals, semivowels]

j behaves like c (→ k) or ś (→ ṣ) // Consonant [except nasals, semivowels]


c or j // n → ñ
Examples
muc + tvā → muktvā (मुच् + त्वा → मुक्त्वा)
   [hence, vimuc + ya = vimucya विमुच्य, not *vimukya]
viś + tvā → viṣṭvā (विश् + त्वा → विष्ट्वा); see I.3
   [hence, upaviś + ya = upaviśya उपविश्य, not *upaviṣya]
tyaj + tvā → tyaktvā (त्यज् + त्वा → त्यक्त्वा)
   [so, parityaj + ya = parityajya परित्यज्य, not *parityakya]
(yaj→) ij + tvā → iṣṭvā (इज् + त्वा → इष्ट्वा); see I.3
   [so, saṃyaj + ya = saṃyajya संयज्य, not *saṃyaṣya]
yāc + nā → yācñā (याच् + ना → याच्ञा)
yaj + na → yajña (यज् + न → यज्ञ)
 
1.
 
 
1a.
1b.
1c.
 
1d.
 
1e.
 
2.
3.
4.
Rule
+A → -A // C [except nasals, semivowels]
 
 
exception: (ś→) ṣ remains // t / th [→ retro.]
exception: (ś→) ṣ → k // conjugational s
backward aspiration within root:
initial g d b ← +A final gh dh bh h // dhv bh s
forward aspiration (voicing) of root onto suffix:
root-final gh dh bh h +V+A→ suffix-initial t th
-h forward aspirates, retroflexes dentals, is lost:
root (non-d)(vow)h + t/th/dh → (non-d)(long)ḍh
s → t // Consonant of redup. perf. ptc.
vas/gas → vat/gat // conjugational s
s disappears between -V C or +V dentals
Examples
kṣudh + bhiḥ → kṣudbhiḥ (क्षुध् + भिः → क्षुद्भिः)
   [so bādh + ya = bādhya बाध्य, not *bādya]
viś → vi[ṣ→ṭ→]ḍ // bhiḥ = viḍbhiḥ (III.2, II.1)
viś → viṣ // tvā →ṭvā = viṣṭvā (III.2, I.3)
dveṣ → k // si → ṣi = dvekṣi (I.1)
dah → dha[g→]k // sya → ṣya = dhakṣya (II.2, I.1)
gāh → ghā[g→]k // sya → ṣya = ghākṣya (II.2, I.1)
labh → la[p→]b // tvā → dhvā = labdhvā (II.1)
dah → da[k→]g // tvā → dhvā = dagdhvā (II.1)
gāh → ḍh ← tvā = gāḍhvā (गाह् + त्वा → गाढ्वा)
ruh → ūḍh ← tvā = rūḍhvā (रुह् + त्वा → रूढ्वा)
cakṛvas → cakṛvat // su = cakṛvatsu (चकृवत्सु)
vas → vat // sya = vatsya (वत्स्य)
abhak + s + ta → abhakta
 
1.
2.
2.
Rule
nasal → corresponding nasal // sparśa
nasal → anusvāra // sibilant
m → n // v-(initial-suffix)
Examples
gam → gan // tṛ = gantṛ (गन्तृ)
han → haṃ // si = haṃsi (हंसि)
jagam → jagan // vas = jaganvas (जगन्वस्)