Lesson 19 Overview
(1 Stem) Consonant-final Paradigms
This chapter introduces nominal paradigms ending in a consonant. Unlike the consonant-final paradigms in the lessons to follow, here the same stem is used throughout the entire paradigm (so these paradigms are referred to as ‘one-stem’ paradigms). All of the paradigms in this lesson are absolutely regular in taking the same set of endings we’ve already learned in the context of our vowel-final paradigms. The few minor differences between these paradigms are due only to gender, internal sandhi and a couple of other relatively unimportant historical and phonological issues.
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Video
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Standard C-final
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Palatal-final
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N. -अस् / -इस् / -उस्
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र्-final
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Watch the following video and answer the questions below:
Respond to the following in the box below. (In addition, if anything in the video was unclear or you have any feedback about it, please provide it in the space below.)
- What is the process called that yields सुमनाः from सुमनस्स् in the nom. sg.?
- Is there a difference between the -इस् and -उस् paradigms?
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मरुत् (m. “wind”) / सरित् (f. “river”) |
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जगत् (n. “world”) |
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- मरुत्/सरित् is the standard consonant-final paradigm. It has been arranged to show you that masculine and feminine are identical in this paradigm.
- जगत् — As always, 1) the n. differs from the m. only in the first 2 cases and voc., and 2) the n. pl. of those cases is strong (i.e., here has an infixed -न्-).
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वाच् |
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- Final palatals revert to velar or retroflex consonants in internal and external sandhi, becoming -क् or -ट् before a consonant: वाच्, वाच् + भिः → वाक् + भिः (च् → क् // C) → वाग् + भिः (-V → +V // +V) = वाग्भिः
- Final -च् always → -क् . Many -ज् and -श् finals revert to -क् (वणिज् वणिक्, दिश् दिक्), but some become -ट् (सम्राज् सम्राट्, विश् विट्). Vocabulary should therefore be learned in the ‘stem s.nom.’ form: दिश् दिक्, विश् विट्, etc.
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यशस् “wind,” हविस् “oblation,” आयुस् “life” |
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- Neuter -अस्/-इस्/-उस् actually have a single paradigm. Their differences are due only to internal sandhi (RUKI).
- The strong stem (pl. nom. acc. voc.) follows a familiar pattern (वनानि वरीणि मधूनि गन्तॄणि): i.e., [long-stem vowel]नि. As with जगत्, the nasal is infixed, becoming an anusvāra before a sibilant: यशस् यशांसि, हविस् हवींषि, etc.
- Masculine/Feminine -अस् stems are identical with यशस् except in the first two cases, where they take the standard m/f endings: सुमनाः सुमनसौ सुमनसः सुमनसम् सुमनसौ सुमनसः
- (Reminder: words cannot end in conjunct consonants. Final consonants must be dropped until only the first of their cluster remains. Since a vowel followed by more than one consonant becomes heavy, a vowel before a simplified cluster is sometimes lengthened to maintain its heaviness. E.g., when the nom. sg. ending -स् is added to सुमनस् (सुमनस्स्), the last a-vowel becomes heavy before two consonants (ss). To maintain that weight when the final conjunct is reduced (ss → s), its vowel is lengthened (सुमनाः.)
Final-र् stems (which are few) also take the regular endings, but their stem vowel is lengthened if the ending begins with a consonant: e.g.,
- गिर् + भिः = गीर्भिः ; गिर् + सु = गीर्षु ; but गिरा गिरे गिरः etc.
- पुर् + भिः = पूर्भिः ; पुर् + सु = पूर्षु ; but पुरा पुरे पुरः etc. (पुर्, “town”)
These paradigms are also provided in the handout below (a black and white version of which may be downloaded here):