External Sandhi
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Anusvāra
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Visarga
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Vowel
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Consonant
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Handouts
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Optionally: ṃ // sparśa (k-m)
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Optionally: ṃ // non-r semivowel (y / l / v)
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ḥ // -V
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ḥ // +V
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exception: ḥ (from r) // +V
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double ‘r’ (र्र्) not allowed
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Simple Vowels
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Complex Vowels
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I. Doublings
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II. One sound takes on another sound’s properties (voicing, nasality, semivowelity)
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III. One sound (final dentals, त् and न्) moves to the place of another sound
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IV. Assimilation of both place of articulation and properties (compare II. and III. above)
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*ssr = sparśa of an ‘s’ row
See the following sandhi handouts for overviews of external sandhi:
The following ślokas were composed to exemplify the Sandhi rules given in Lesson 13:
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Doubles/Doubling
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-त्
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-न्
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ह्-
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misc.
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post-sandhi
ममच्छाया न तन्मित्रं
यत्सखैवातपं त्यजन् । आतपिष्यन्नथादित्यो यदरी राजितश्च सः ॥ |
pre-sandhi
मम छाया न तत्-मित्रम्
यत्-सखा एव आतपम् त्यजन् । आतपिष्यन् अथ आदित्यः यत्-अरिः राजितः च सः ॥ |
Doubles / Doubling
ममच्छाया — -short // छ्- doubled
यदरी राजितः — -(short)र्र् → -(long) र्
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आतपिष्यन्नथ — (short)non-m nasal doubled // vowel
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Assimilating to other’s Properties (in its own place)
तन्मित्रम् — sparśa → own nasal // nasal
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यदरी — -V → +V // +V
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“My shadow is not the friend of the one whose only friend is the sun when it is giving up its heat or about to produce it, and whose enemy is that (same sun) once it’s shining brightly.”
post-sandhi
यच्छास्त्रं यच्च काव्यं वा
विद्यावट्टीकया भवेत् । तल्लभेत मणेः शोभा- मादित्यवद्धि राजतः ॥ |
pre-sandhi
यत् शास्त्रम् यत् च काव्यम् वा
विद्यावत्-टीकया भवेत् । तत् लभेत मणेः शोभाम् आदित्यवत् हि राजतः ॥ |
Assimilating to the other’s Place (with its own properties)
यच्छास्त्रम् — -त् → corr. sparśa // ssr (or श् which → छ्)
विद्यावट्टीकया — -त् → corr. sparśa // ssr (or श् which → छ्)
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यच्च — -त् → corr. sparśa // ssr (or श् which → छ्)
आदित्यवद्धि — non-nasal sparśa → +V // ह्- → corr. sparśa
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Assimilating to the other’s Properties (in its own place)
तल्लभेत — -त् → ल् // ल्
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“The discursive or poetic work that will be accompanied by a knowledgeable gloss will attain the lustre of a jewel, shining just like the sun.”