Introductory Sanskrit
  • Course
    • Contents
    • Fonts
    • Syllabus
    • Subhāṣitāni
    • Flashcards
    • Audio
    • Quizzes
    • Exams
    • Contact
  • Tables
    • 11 -अ Pres. System
    • -V / Pron. Paradigms
    • External Sandhi
    • Internal Sandhi
  • Lessons 1-10
    • 1 Sound / Script >
      • Vowels & Semivowels
      • Sparśa & Spirants
      • Exercises
    • 1 Script >
      • Exercise 1
      • Exercise 2
      • Exercise 3
      • Exercise 4
      • Exercise 5
    • 2 The Sentence >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 2 Predication
      • 2 Conjugation
      • Exercises
    • 3 Cases 1-2, S >
      • Flashcards (V/S)
      • 3 Case
      • 3 Nom./Acc.
      • 3 Apposition
      • 3 Sandhi
      • Exercises
    • 4 Gaṇas 4, 6, 10 >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • 4 4, 6, 10
      • Exercises
    • 5 Cases 3+ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 5 Cases 3-7, Voc.
      • Handouts
      • Exercises
    • 6 P Impf/v Opt >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Present System
      • Imperfect
      • Optative
      • Imperative
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 7 123 Pron. >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 123 Pronouns
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 8 यत्, -आ/ई/ऊ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Relative Clauses
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 9 MF -इ/-उ, S >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Sandhi
      • Exercises
    • 10 Ā. Pres., S >
      • Flashcards (V/P/S)
      • Ātmanepada Present
      • Vowel Sandhi
      • Exercises
  • 11-20
    • 11 Ā Imf/v/Opt >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Impf., Opt., Impv.
      • Exercises
    • 12 Gerund, Inf. >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • Gerund
      • Exercises
    • 13 -ऋ, Cons. S >
      • Flashcards (V/P/S)
      • -ऋ Stems
      • Exercises
    • 14 N -इ / -उ / ऋ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • N -इ / -उ / ऋ
      • Exercises
    • 15 उपसर्गाः >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • उपसर्गाः
      • Exercises
    • 16 Passive >
      • 16 Overview (The Passive)
      • 16 English
      • 16 Sanskrit
      • 16 Exercises
    • 17 -स्य Future >
      • 17 Overview (General Future)
      • 17 -i / sandhi
      • 17 Exercises
    • 19 -C Nouns >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 19 Overview (Cons-final Stems)
      • 19 Exercises
    • 20 P. pres. ptc. >
      • 20 Video
      • 20 English
      • 20 Formation (P pres. ptc.)
      • 20 Usage
      • 20 Exercises
  • 21-34
    • 21 Ā. pres. ptc. >
      • 21 Supplement (Ā. pres. ptc.)
      • 21 Exercises
    • 22 Past ptc. >
      • 22 Usage
      • 22 Formation (past ptc.)
      • 22 Exercises
    • 23 P/-मत्/-अत् >
      • 23 Overview (इदम्/-मत्/-अत्)
      • 23 Exercises
    • 24 2 & 3-Stems >
      • 24 Overview (2 & 3-Stems)
      • 24 Exercises
    • 25-31 Ath. >
      • 25-26 Class 2 >
        • 25 Exercises
        • 26 Exercises
      • 27 Class 3 >
        • 27 Exercises
      • 28 Class 5 >
        • 28 Exercises
      • 30 Class 8 >
        • 30 Exercises
      • 29 Class 7 >
        • 29 Exercises
      • 31 Class 9 >
        • 31 Exercises
    • 32 Compounds >
      • 32 Compounds (Example)
      • 32 Compounds (Overview)
      • 32 Exercises
    • 33 Absolutes >
      • 33 Video (restricted)
      • 33 Exercises
    • 34 Numerals >
      • 34 Video (restricted)
      • 34 Exercises
  • 35-44
    • 35 Gv/-आन/PF >
      • 35 Video (restricted)
      • 35 Exercises
    • 36 Perfect >
      • 36 Video (restricted)
      • 36 Exercises
    • 37 Aorist >
      • 37 Exercises
    • 38 Cond. / Ben. >
      • 38 Exercises
    • 40 Desid. >
      • 40 Exercises
    • 42 Freq. >
      • 42 Exercises
    • 43 Denom. >
      • 43 Exercises
  • कथाः
    • १ - बुद्धकथा
    • २ - शकुन्तलाकथा
    • ४ - रामकथा
    • ५ - श्रावणकथा
    • १० - सुभाषितानि
  • Reading
    • Verse
    • Dictionaries
    • Grammars, Primers, etc.
    • Commentary
    • मेघदूतम्
    • Of Interest

External Sandhi

  • Anusvāra
  • Visarga
  • Vowel
  • Consonant
  • Handouts
<
>
  • m → ṃ // consonant
  1. grāmam ca → grāmaṃ ca (ग्रामम् च → ग्रामं च)
Optionally: ṃ // sparśa (k-m)
  • ṃ → corresponding nasal // sparśa
  1. tam kūpam → taṅkūpam (→ तङ्कूपम्)
  2. kūpam ca → kūpañca (→ कूपञ्च)
  3. tām ṭīkām → tāṇṭīkām (→ ताण्टीकाम्)
  4. kūpam tu → kūpantu (→ कूपन्तु)
  5. tam paśyati → tampaśyati (→ तम्पश्यति)
Optionally: ṃ // non-r semivowel (y / l / v)
  • ṃ → nasal semivowel // non-r semivowel
  1. tam yatra → tay̐yatra (तम् यत्र → तय्ँयत्र)
  2. tām latām → tāl̐latām (ताम् लताम् → ताल्ँलताम्)
  3. tam vadati → tav̐vadati (तम् वदति → तव्ँवदति)
ḥ // -V
  1. ḥ → corresponding ‘s’ // -V sound in an ‘s’ row
  1. kūpaḥ ca → kūpaśca (कूपः च → कूपश्च)
    tāḥ ṭīkāḥ → tāṣṭīkāḥ (ताः टीकाः → ताष्टीकाः)
     
    kūpaḥ tu → kūpastu (कूपः तु → कूपस्तु)
ḥ // +V
  1. aḥ → o // +V
  2. e/o // a → ऽ
  3. aḥ (→ o // +V, o → av) → a // non-a vowel
  4. āḥ → ā // +V
  5. (non-a/ā)ḥ → r // +V
  1. kūpaḥ grāme → kūpo grāme (कूपो ग्रामे)
  2. ​bālaḥ api → bālo ’pi (बालो ऽपि)
  3. ​kūpaḥ iha → kūpa iha (कूप इह)
  4. bālāḥ api → bālā api (बाला अपि)
  5. ​muniḥ iha → muniriha (मुनिरिह)
exception: ḥ (from r) // +V
  • ḥ (from r) → r ​​// +V
  • punaḥ api → punarapi (पुनः अपि → पुनरपि)
double ‘r’ (र्र्) not allowed
  • (short)r → (long) // r
  • muner ratnam → mune ratnam (→ मुने रत्नम्) 
  • munir ratnam → munī ratnam (→ मुनी रत्नम्)
Simple Vowels
  1. ​similar vowels → long
  2. simple vowel → corr. semiv. // dissimilar vowel
  3. a/ā + simple vowel → guṇa of latter
  4. a/ā + guṇa/vṛddhi → vṛddhi of latter
  1. nadī iti → nadīti (नदी इति → नदीति)
  2. nadī eva → nadyeva (नदी एव → नद्येव)
  3. ​mālā ṛṣeḥ → mālarṣeḥ (माला ऋषेः → मालर्षेः)
  4. ​ca eva → caiva (च एव → चैव)
Complex Vowels
  1. disassembing (e/o/ai/au → ay/av/āy/āv) // vowel​
  2. exception: e/o // a → ऽ 
  3. option: semiv. dropped (ay/av → a, āy/āv → ā)​​
  1. vane iha → vanayiha (वने इह → वनयिह)
  2. vane atra → vane ’tra (वने अत्र → वने ऽत्र)
  3. ​vanayiḥa → vana iha (वनयिह → वन इह)​​
I. Doublings
  1. (short vow.)non-m nasal doubles // vowel
  2. short vowel // ch → cch
    long vowel
    // ch → cch optionally
  1. agacchan iha → agacchanniha (अगच्छन्निह)
  2. mama chāyā → mamacchāyā (ममच्छाया)
    nadī chāyā → nadīcchāyā / nadī chāyā
II. One sound takes on another sound’s properties (voicing, nasality, semivowelity)
  1. -V → +V // +V
    (k → g ; ṭ → ḍ ; t → d ; p → b // +V)
     


  2. sparśa → own nasal // any nasal
    (k → ṅ ; ṭ → ṇ ; t → n ; p → m // any nasal)

      
  3. t → l // l
    n → ṃl // l
  1. vāk dhanam → vāgdhanam (वाग्धनम्)
    samrāṭ loke → samrāḍloke (सम्राड्लोके)
    vṛkṣāt apatat → vṛkṣādapatat (वृक्षादपतत्)
    anuṣṭup iha → anuṣṭubiha (अनुष्टुबिह)
  2. vāk mama → vāṅmama (वाङ्मम)
    samrāṭ na → samrāṇna (सम्राण्न)
    tat mitram → tanmitram (तन्मित्रम्)
    anuṣṭup nare → anuṣṭumnare (अनुष्टुम्नरे)
  3. tat loke → talloke (तल्लोके)
    ​tān lokān → tāṃllokān (ताल्ँलोकान्)
III. One sound (final dentals, त् and न्) moves to the place of another sound
  1. t → corresponding sparśa // -V non-nasal ssr*
    (t → c // c ch; t → ṭ / ṭ ṭh)​ 
  2. n → corresponding nasal // +V ssr
    (n → ñ // j jh ñ ; n → ṇ // ḍ ḍh ṇ)
  3. n → ṃ + corresponding ‘s’ // -V ssr
    (n → ṃś // c ch ; n → ṃṣ // ṭ ṭh ; n → ṃs // t th)
  1. tat ca → tacca (तच्च)
    ​tat ṭīkā → taṭṭīkā (तट्टीका)
  2. tān jetā → tāñjetā (ताञ्जेता)
    tān ḍamaruḥ → tāṇḍamaruḥ (ताण्डमरुः)
  3. tān ca → tāṃśca (तांश्च)
    tān ṭīkā → tāṃṣṭīkā (तांष्टीका)
    ​tān tu → tāṃstu (तांस्तु)
IV. Assimilation of both place of articulation and properties (compare II. and III. above)
  1. t → corr. sparśa → +V // +V non-nasal ssr
    ​(t → c → j // j jh ; t → ṭ → ḍ // ḍ ḍh)
  2. t/n → corr. sparśa/nasal // ch ← ś
    (t → c // ch ← ś ; n → ñ // ch ← ś)
  3. ​non-nasal sparśa → +V // corr. sparśa ← h
    (k → g // gh ← h ; ṭ → ḍ // ḍh ← h)
    (t → d // dh ← h ; p → b // bh ← h)
  1. tat jāyate → tac → tajjāyate (तज्जायते )
    tat ḍamaroḥ → taṭ → taḍḍamaroḥ (तड्डमरोः)
  2. tat śāstram → tacchāstram (तच्छास्त्रम्)
    tān śāstre → tāñchāstre (ताञ्छास्त्रे)
  3. vāk hi → vāgghi (वाग्घि)
    samrāṭ hi → samrāḍḍhi (सम्राड्ढि)
    tat hi → taddhi (तद्धि)
    kakup hi → kakubbhi (ककुब्भि)
*ssr = sparśa of an ‘s’ row
See the following sandhi handouts for overviews of external sandhi:
The following ślokas were composed to exemplify the Sandhi rules given in Lesson 13: 
  • Doubles/Doubling
  • -त्
  • -न्
  • ह्-
  • misc.
<
>
post-sandhi
ममच्छाया न तन्मित्रं
यत्सखैवातपं त्यजन् ।
आतपिष्यन्नथादित्यो
यदरी राजितश्च सः ॥
pre-sandhi
मम छाया न तत्-मित्रम्
यत्-सखा एव आतपम् त्यजन् ।
आतपिष्यन् अथ आदित्यः
यत्-अरिः राजितः च सः ॥
Doubles / Doubling
ममच्छाया — -short // छ्- doubled
यदरी राजितः — -(short)र्र् → -(long) र्
आतपिष्यन्नथ — (short)non-m nasal doubled // vowel
Assimilating to other’s Properties (in its own place)
तन्मित्रम् — sparśa → own nasal // nasal
यदरी — -V → +V // +V
“My shadow is not the friend of the one whose only friend is the sun when it is giving up its heat or about to produce it, and whose enemy is that (same sun) once it’s shining brightly.”
post-sandhi
यच्छास्त्रं यच्च काव्यं वा
विद्यावट्टीकया भवेत् ।
तल्लभेत मणेः शोभा-
मादित्यवद्धि राजतः ॥
pre-sandhi
यत् शास्त्रम् यत् च काव्यम् वा
विद्यावत्-टीकया भवेत् ।
तत् लभेत मणेः शोभाम्
आदित्यवत् हि राजतः ॥
Assimilating to the other’s Place (with its own properties)
यच्छास्त्रम् — -त् → corr. sparśa // ssr (or श् which → छ्) 
विद्यावट्टीकया — -त् → corr. sparśa // ssr (or श् which → छ्)
यच्च — -त् → corr. sparśa // ssr (or श् which → छ्)
आदित्यवद्धि — non-nasal sparśa → +V // ह्- → corr. sparśa
Assimilating to the other’s Properties (in its own place)
तल्लभेत — -त् → ल् // ल्
 
“The discursive or poetic work that will be accompanied by a knowledgeable gloss will attain the lustre of a jewel, shining just like the sun.”
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The header image for this site (a manuscript of Kālidāsa’s Raghuvaṃśa, 14.2-4) is provided by the University of Pennsylvania Libraries (Ms. Coll. 390, Item 1547) under a CC Attribution 4.0 license
  • Course
    • Contents
    • Fonts
    • Syllabus
    • Subhāṣitāni
    • Flashcards
    • Audio
    • Quizzes
    • Exams
    • Contact
  • Tables
    • 11 -अ Pres. System
    • -V / Pron. Paradigms
    • External Sandhi
    • Internal Sandhi
  • Lessons 1-10
    • 1 Sound / Script >
      • Vowels & Semivowels
      • Sparśa & Spirants
      • Exercises
    • 1 Script >
      • Exercise 1
      • Exercise 2
      • Exercise 3
      • Exercise 4
      • Exercise 5
    • 2 The Sentence >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 2 Predication
      • 2 Conjugation
      • Exercises
    • 3 Cases 1-2, S >
      • Flashcards (V/S)
      • 3 Case
      • 3 Nom./Acc.
      • 3 Apposition
      • 3 Sandhi
      • Exercises
    • 4 Gaṇas 4, 6, 10 >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • 4 4, 6, 10
      • Exercises
    • 5 Cases 3+ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 5 Cases 3-7, Voc.
      • Handouts
      • Exercises
    • 6 P Impf/v Opt >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Present System
      • Imperfect
      • Optative
      • Imperative
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 7 123 Pron. >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 123 Pronouns
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 8 यत्, -आ/ई/ऊ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Relative Clauses
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 9 MF -इ/-उ, S >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Sandhi
      • Exercises
    • 10 Ā. Pres., S >
      • Flashcards (V/P/S)
      • Ātmanepada Present
      • Vowel Sandhi
      • Exercises
  • 11-20
    • 11 Ā Imf/v/Opt >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Impf., Opt., Impv.
      • Exercises
    • 12 Gerund, Inf. >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • Gerund
      • Exercises
    • 13 -ऋ, Cons. S >
      • Flashcards (V/P/S)
      • -ऋ Stems
      • Exercises
    • 14 N -इ / -उ / ऋ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • N -इ / -उ / ऋ
      • Exercises
    • 15 उपसर्गाः >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • उपसर्गाः
      • Exercises
    • 16 Passive >
      • 16 Overview (The Passive)
      • 16 English
      • 16 Sanskrit
      • 16 Exercises
    • 17 -स्य Future >
      • 17 Overview (General Future)
      • 17 -i / sandhi
      • 17 Exercises
    • 19 -C Nouns >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 19 Overview (Cons-final Stems)
      • 19 Exercises
    • 20 P. pres. ptc. >
      • 20 Video
      • 20 English
      • 20 Formation (P pres. ptc.)
      • 20 Usage
      • 20 Exercises
  • 21-34
    • 21 Ā. pres. ptc. >
      • 21 Supplement (Ā. pres. ptc.)
      • 21 Exercises
    • 22 Past ptc. >
      • 22 Usage
      • 22 Formation (past ptc.)
      • 22 Exercises
    • 23 P/-मत्/-अत् >
      • 23 Overview (इदम्/-मत्/-अत्)
      • 23 Exercises
    • 24 2 & 3-Stems >
      • 24 Overview (2 & 3-Stems)
      • 24 Exercises
    • 25-31 Ath. >
      • 25-26 Class 2 >
        • 25 Exercises
        • 26 Exercises
      • 27 Class 3 >
        • 27 Exercises
      • 28 Class 5 >
        • 28 Exercises
      • 30 Class 8 >
        • 30 Exercises
      • 29 Class 7 >
        • 29 Exercises
      • 31 Class 9 >
        • 31 Exercises
    • 32 Compounds >
      • 32 Compounds (Example)
      • 32 Compounds (Overview)
      • 32 Exercises
    • 33 Absolutes >
      • 33 Video (restricted)
      • 33 Exercises
    • 34 Numerals >
      • 34 Video (restricted)
      • 34 Exercises
  • 35-44
    • 35 Gv/-आन/PF >
      • 35 Video (restricted)
      • 35 Exercises
    • 36 Perfect >
      • 36 Video (restricted)
      • 36 Exercises
    • 37 Aorist >
      • 37 Exercises
    • 38 Cond. / Ben. >
      • 38 Exercises
    • 40 Desid. >
      • 40 Exercises
    • 42 Freq. >
      • 42 Exercises
    • 43 Denom. >
      • 43 Exercises
  • कथाः
    • १ - बुद्धकथा
    • २ - शकुन्तलाकथा
    • ४ - रामकथा
    • ५ - श्रावणकथा
    • १० - सुभाषितानि
  • Reading
    • Verse
    • Dictionaries
    • Grammars, Primers, etc.
    • Commentary
    • मेघदूतम्
    • Of Interest