LESSON 27
3rd Class: Reduplicated (हु जुहोति)
3rd class roots are like 2nd class roots in that the endings are added directly to the root, which takes guṇa in the strong forms. But this class differs in reduplicating (doubling) the root’s first syllable before it: e.g.,
- √दा → द + दा, ददा (3rd sg. pres. ददाति)
- the rules of reduplication
- endings specific to the 3rd class
- irregular stems
Rules of Reduplication
The general principles of reduplication are:
- aspirates are deaspirated (e.g., √भी बिभी)
- velars are palatalized (e.g., √हु जुहु [+V+A ह् → +V+A झ् → +V-A ज् ])
- long vowels are shortened (e.g., √भी बिभी, हा जहा, etc.)
- complex vowels are simplified (e.g., √ढौक् डुढौक् [vṛddhi weakened])
- √भृ — बि+भृ, बिभृ || बिभर्ति, 3rd sg. pres., “to bear, support”
3rd Class Endings
While 3rd class roots in general take the normal athematic endings, they differ from other athematics in having:
- no nasal in the 3rd pl. pres. (√हु जुहु + अति, जुह्वति) and impv. (√हु जुहु + तु जुह्वतु, “let them sacrifice” vs. strong in the sg. जुहोतु, “let him sacrifice”)
- Note that this means that 3rd class present participles have no strong stem, since we derive the strong stem: 3rd pl. minus -इ (e.g., जुह्वति minus इ = जुह्वत्, m. or n. sg. nom., “sacrificing”
- उर् as the ending for 3rd pl. impf. (√हु अजुहवुर्), before which आ drops and other simple vowels are guṇated (e.g., भी अ+बि+भे+उर् = अबिभयुर्)
Irregular 3rd Class Stems
In this lesson, the exceptions to watch out for are:
- दा/धा — the root vowel is lost in the weak: दद् / दध्
- reg. ← aspiration: दध् // ध्व् / भ् / स् (e.g., दध्+स्व = धत्स्व)
- irreg. ← aspiration: दध् // त्/थ् (e.g., दध्+त = धत्त)
- हा — weak stem: जहि or जही
- मा/हा (Ā.) — strong/weak stems: मिमा/मिमी, जिहा/जिही
- भी — weak stem: बिभी or बिभि
The 10 Verb Classes
Present System Verb Classes |
||||||||||
Pres. Stem |
-अ (Thematic) |
Non-अ (Athematic) |
||||||||
Class |
1 |
10 |
4 |
6 |
2 |
3 |
5 |
8 |
7 |
9 |
Root |
→ guṇa |
→ heavy |
as is |
guṇated in strong |
as is (+ strong/weak affixes) |
|||||
Affix |
अ |
अय |
य |
अ |
- |
redup |
नो/नु |
ओ/उ |
न/न् |
ना/नी |
Place |
suffix |
- |
prefix |
suffix |
infix |
suffix |
||||
Ex. |
भू भवति |
चुर् चोरयति |
नृत् नृत्यति |
तुद् तुदति |
इ एति |
हु जुहोति |
सु सुनोति |
तन् तनोति |
रुध् रुणद्धि |
क्री क्रीणाति |
- 1 and 10: strengthened thematic classes
- 4 and 6: unstrengthened thematic classes
- 2 and 3: athematic, with guṇated strong stem
- 5 and 8: athematic, with guṇa in strong affix (नो/नु and ओ/उ)
- 7 and 9: athematic, with similar strong/weak affixes (न/न् and ना/नी)