LESSON 27
3rd Class: Reduplicated (हु जुहोति)

3rd class roots are like 2nd class roots in that the endings are added directly to the root, which takes guṇa in the strong forms. But this class differs in reduplicating (doubling) the root’s first syllable before it: e.g.,

• √दा → द + दा, ददा (3rd sg. pres. ददाति)
  

Three things require your attention here:

1. the rules of reduplication
2. endings specific to the 3rd class
3. irregular stems

Rules of Reduplication

The general principles of reduplication are:

1. aspirates are deaspirated (e.g., √भी बिभी)
2. velars are palatalized (e.g., √हु जुहु [+V+A ह् → +V+A झ् → +V-A ज् ])
3. long vowels are shortened (e.g., √भी बिभी, हा जहा, etc.)
4. complex vowels are simplified (e.g., √ढौक् डुढौक् [vṛddhi weakened])

The first three processes account for almost all of the reduplication in the 3rd class, though there are a few more rules which will come into play in other reduplicated forms (e.g., the Perfect, Lesson 36). The one rule of reduplication specific to the 3rd class is that ऋ/ॠ reduplicate as इ, e.g.:

• √भृ — बि+भृ, बिभृ || बिभर्ति, 3rd sg. pres., “to bear, support”

3rd Class Endings

While 3rd class roots in general take the normal athematic endings, they differ from other athematics in having:

• no nasal in the 3rd pl. pres. (√हु जुहु + अति, जुह्वति) and impv. (√हु जुहु + तु जुह्वतु, “let them sacrifice” vs. strong in the sg. जुहोतु, “let him sacrifice”)
  
  • Note that this means that 3rd class present participles have no strong stem, since we derive the strong stem: 3rd pl. minus -इ (e.g., जुह्वति minus इ = जुह्वत्, m. or n. sg. nom., “sacrificing”
• उर् as the ending for 3rd pl. impf. (√हु अजुहवुर्), before which आ drops and other simple vowels are guṇated (e.g., भी अ+बि+भे+उर् = अबिभयुर्)

See the handout below.

Irregular 3rd Class Stems

In this lesson, the exceptions to watch out for are:

• दा/धा — the root vowel is lost in the weak: दद् / दध्
  
  • reg. ← aspiration: दध् // ध्व् / भ् / स् (e.g., दध्+स्व = धत्स्व)
  • irreg. ← aspiration: दध् // त्/थ् (e.g., दध्+त = धत्त)
• हा — weak stem: जहि or जही
• मा/हा (Ā.) — strong/weak stems: मिमा/मिमी, जिहा/जिही
• भी — weak stem: बिभी or बिभि 

See the paradigms in Deshpande.

The 10 Verb Classes

Present System Verb Classes
Pres. Stem	-अ (Thematic)				Non-अ (Athematic)
Class	1 भू	10 चुर्	4 दिव्	6 तुद्	2 अद्	3 हु	5 सु	8 तन्	7 रुध्	9 क्री
Root	→ guṇa	→ heavy	as is		guṇated in strong		as is (+ strong/weak affixes)
Affix	अ	अय	य	अ	-	redup	नो/नु	ओ/उ	न/न्	ना/नी
Place	suffix				-	prefix	suffix		infix	suffix
Ex.	भू भवति	चुर् चोरयति	नृत् नृत्यति	तुद् तुदति	इ एति	हु जुहोति	सु सुनोति	तन् तनोति	रुध् रुणद्धि	क्री क्रीणाति

• 1 and 10: strengthened thematic classes
  
• 4 and 6: unstrengthened thematic classes
  
• 2 and 3: athematic, with guṇated strong stem
• 5 and 8: athematic, with guṇa in strong affix (नो/नु and ओ/उ)
• 7 and 9: athematic, with similar strong/weak affixes (न/न् and ना/नी)

These verb classes get their number (1st Class, 2nd Class, etc.) simply from the order in which they are listed in traditional grammars. For our purposes, it will be much more intuitive to always think of these classes in terms of the related pairs: 1/10, 4/6, 2/3, 5/8, 7/9.