Introductory Sanskrit
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    • 11 -अ Pres. System
    • -V / Pron. Paradigms
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  • Lessons 1-10
    • 1 Sound / Script >
      • Vowels & Semivowels
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    • 1 Script >
      • Exercise 1
      • Exercise 2
      • Exercise 3
      • Exercise 4
      • Exercise 5
    • 2 The Sentence >
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      • 2 Predication
      • 2 Conjugation
      • Exercises
    • 3 Cases 1-2, S >
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      • 3 Case
      • 3 Nom./Acc.
      • 3 Apposition
      • 3 Sandhi
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    • 4 Gaṇas 4, 6, 10 >
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      • 4 4, 6, 10
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    • 5 Cases 3+ >
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      • 5 Cases 3-7, Voc.
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    • 6 P Impf/v Opt >
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      • Present System
      • Imperfect
      • Optative
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    • 7 123 Pron. >
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      • 123 Pronouns
      • Handout
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    • 8 यत्, -आ/ई/ऊ >
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      • Relative Clauses
      • Handout
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    • 9 MF -इ/-उ, S >
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      • Sandhi
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    • 10 Ā. Pres., S >
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      • Ātmanepada Present
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  • 11-20
    • 11 Ā Imf/v/Opt >
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      • Impf., Opt., Impv.
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    • 12 Gerund, Inf. >
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      • Gerund
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    • 13 -ऋ, Cons. S >
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      • -ऋ Stems
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    • 14 N -इ / -उ / ऋ >
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      • N -इ / -उ / ऋ
      • Exercises
    • 15 उपसर्गाः >
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      • 16 Overview (The Passive)
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      • 17 Overview (General Future)
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      • 17 Exercises
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  • 21-34
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      • 21 Supplement (Ā. pres. ptc.)
      • 21 Exercises
    • 22 Past ptc. >
      • 22 Usage
      • 22 Formation (past ptc.)
      • 22 Exercises
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      • 23 Overview (इदम्/-मत्/-अत्)
      • 23 Exercises
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      • 24 Overview (2 & 3-Stems)
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      • 25-26 Class 2 >
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        • 26 Exercises
      • 27 Class 3 >
        • 27 Exercises
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        • 28 Exercises
      • 30 Class 8 >
        • 30 Exercises
      • 29 Class 7 >
        • 29 Exercises
      • 31 Class 9 >
        • 31 Exercises
    • 32 Compounds >
      • 32 Compounds (Example)
      • 32 Compounds (Overview)
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    • 33 Absolutes >
      • 33 Video (restricted)
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  • 35-44
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      • 38 Exercises
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      • 40 Exercises
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      • 42 Exercises
    • 43 Denom. >
      • 43 Exercises
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    • १ - बुद्धकथा
    • २ - शकुन्तलाकथा
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LESSON 29
7th Class: -न-/-न्- (भिद् भिनत्ति)

This Lesson introduces the 7th Class. Roots of the 7th Class take a nasal infix before their final consonant: न (na) in the strong and न् (n) in the weak. For example, for the root, युज्:
  • strong: यु-न-ज् + मि, युनज्मि (yu-na-j + mi = yunajmi)
  • weak: जु-न्-ज् + वः, युञ्ज्वः (yu-n-j + vaḥ = yuñjvaḥ)
If you do not remember which conjugations are strong and which are weak, see the boxes on the thematic/athematic verb classes handout (pp. 23-24). In the grand scheme of the classes, it is useful to group the 7th Class with the 9th class, which also has nasal affixes—ना / नी—though they are suffixes which follow the root rather than infixes placed inside of it. 
Internal Sandhi
For the significant amount of internal sandhi exhibited by the 7th Class roots in this chapter, as well as their irregularities, see the handout below:
The 10 Verb Classes

Present System Verb Classes

Pres. Stem

-अ (Thematic)

Non-अ (Athematic)

Class

1
भू

10
चुर्

4
दिव्

6
तुद्

2
अद्

3
हु

5
सु

8
तन्

7
रुध्

9
क्री

Root

→ guṇa

→ heavy

as is

guṇated in strong

as is (+ strong/weak affixes)

Affix

अ

अय

य

अ

-

redup

नो/नु

ओ/उ

न/न्

ना/नी

Place

suffix

-

prefix

suffix

infix

suffix

Ex.

भू भवति

चुर् चोरयति

नृत् नृत्यति

तुद् तुदति

इ एति

हु जुहोति

सु सुनोति

तन् तनोति

रुध् रुणद्धि

क्री क्रीणाति

  • 1 and 10: strengthened thematic classes
  • 4 and 6: unstrengthened thematic classes
  • 2 and 3: athematic, with guṇated strong stem
  • 5 and 8: athematic, with guṇa in strong affix (नो/नु and ओ/उ)
  • 7 and 9: athematic, with similar strong/weak affixes (न/न् and ना/नी)
These verb classes get their number (1st Class, 2nd Class, etc.) simply from the order in which they are listed in traditional grammars. For our purposes, it will be much more intuitive to always think of these classes in terms of the related pairs: 1/10, 4/6, 2/3, 5/8, 7/9.
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The header image for this site (a manuscript of Kālidāsa’s Raghuvaṃśa, 14.2-4) is provided by the University of Pennsylvania Libraries (Ms. Coll. 390, Item 1547) under a CC Attribution 4.0 license
  • Course
    • Contents
    • Fonts
    • Syllabus
    • Subhāṣitāni
    • Flashcards
    • Audio
    • Quizzes
    • Exams
    • Contact
  • Tables
    • 11 -अ Pres. System
    • -V / Pron. Paradigms
    • External Sandhi
    • Internal Sandhi
  • Lessons 1-10
    • 1 Sound / Script >
      • Vowels & Semivowels
      • Sparśa & Spirants
      • Exercises
    • 1 Script >
      • Exercise 1
      • Exercise 2
      • Exercise 3
      • Exercise 4
      • Exercise 5
    • 2 The Sentence >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • 2 Predication
      • 2 Conjugation
      • Exercises
    • 3 Cases 1-2, S >
      • Flashcards (V/S)
      • 3 Case
      • 3 Nom./Acc.
      • 3 Apposition
      • 3 Sandhi
      • Exercises
    • 4 Gaṇas 4, 6, 10 >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • 4 4, 6, 10
      • Exercises
    • 5 Cases 3+ >
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      • 5 Cases 3-7, Voc.
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    • 6 P Impf/v Opt >
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      • Present System
      • Imperfect
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      • Imperative
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    • 7 123 Pron. >
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      • 123 Pronouns
      • Handout
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    • 8 यत्, -आ/ई/ऊ >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Relative Clauses
      • Handout
      • Exercises
    • 9 MF -इ/-उ, S >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Sandhi
      • Exercises
    • 10 Ā. Pres., S >
      • Flashcards (V/P/S)
      • Ātmanepada Present
      • Vowel Sandhi
      • Exercises
  • 11-20
    • 11 Ā Imf/v/Opt >
      • Flashcards (V/P)
      • Impf., Opt., Impv.
      • Exercises
    • 12 Gerund, Inf. >
      • Flashcards (V)
      • Gerund
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    • 13 -ऋ, Cons. S >
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      • -ऋ Stems
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    • 14 N -इ / -उ / ऋ >
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      • N -इ / -उ / ऋ
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    • 15 उपसर्गाः >
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    • 16 Passive >
      • 16 Overview (The Passive)
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    • 17 -स्य Future >
      • 17 Overview (General Future)
      • 17 -i / sandhi
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    • 19 -C Nouns >
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      • 19 Overview (Cons-final Stems)
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    • 20 P. pres. ptc. >
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      • 20 Usage
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  • 21-34
    • 21 Ā. pres. ptc. >
      • 21 Supplement (Ā. pres. ptc.)
      • 21 Exercises
    • 22 Past ptc. >
      • 22 Usage
      • 22 Formation (past ptc.)
      • 22 Exercises
    • 23 P/-मत्/-अत् >
      • 23 Overview (इदम्/-मत्/-अत्)
      • 23 Exercises
    • 24 2 & 3-Stems >
      • 24 Overview (2 & 3-Stems)
      • 24 Exercises
    • 25-31 Ath. >
      • 25-26 Class 2 >
        • 25 Exercises
        • 26 Exercises
      • 27 Class 3 >
        • 27 Exercises
      • 28 Class 5 >
        • 28 Exercises
      • 30 Class 8 >
        • 30 Exercises
      • 29 Class 7 >
        • 29 Exercises
      • 31 Class 9 >
        • 31 Exercises
    • 32 Compounds >
      • 32 Compounds (Example)
      • 32 Compounds (Overview)
      • 32 Exercises
    • 33 Absolutes >
      • 33 Video (restricted)
      • 33 Exercises
    • 34 Numerals >
      • 34 Video (restricted)
      • 34 Exercises
  • 35-44
    • 35 Gv/-आन/PF >
      • 35 Video (restricted)
      • 35 Exercises
    • 36 Perfect >
      • 36 Video (restricted)
      • 36 Exercises
    • 37 Aorist >
      • 37 Exercises
    • 38 Cond. / Ben. >
      • 38 Exercises
    • 40 Desid. >
      • 40 Exercises
    • 42 Freq. >
      • 42 Exercises
    • 43 Denom. >
      • 43 Exercises
  • कथाः
    • १ - बुद्धकथा
    • २ - शकुन्तलाकथा
    • ४ - रामकथा
    • ५ - श्रावणकथा
    • १० - सुभाषितानि
  • Reading
    • Verse
    • Dictionaries
    • Grammars, Primers, etc.
    • Commentary
    • मेघदूतम्
    • Of Interest