Lesson 21: Supplement
What have not been covered in this Lesson are Ātmanepada future active and passive participles.
- Both are formed with the same -मान suffix used in the Ātmanepada present participle: e.g., future passive निन्दिष्यमाण, “about to be cursed,” and future active भाषिष्यमाण, “about to speak.” Remember that Ā. active and passive are indistinguishable outside of the present system (pres., impf., impv., opt.). So the active and passive participles of Ā. roots in the future are identical. Hence, भाषिष्यमाण also means “about to be said/addressed,” agreeing with its patient. The sense in context is our only guide to its being active or passive: e.g.,
- राक्षसः शापं भाषिष्यमाणं मुनिम् अतुदत् । “The rākṣasa struck the sage who was about to utter a curse.”
- मुनिना भाषिष्यमाणो राक्षसस् तम् अतुदत् । “The rākṣasa, who was about to be addressed by the sage, struck him.” Here the same participle is passive, agreeing with its patient (rākṣasa), because मुनि in the inst. is thereby much more intuitively construed.
- राक्षसः शापं भाषिष्यमाणं मुनिम् अतुदत् । “The rākṣasa struck the sage who was about to utter a curse.”
- Note, however, that since the present and future participles cannot be used alone as the sentence predicate—and so must be used in conjunction with the noun they qualify—they cannot be used impersonally (भावे प्रयोग). For example, there is no way to use an intransitive passive भूयमान in a sentence because it would have to agree in the sg. n. with its own activity, “becoming being done,” instead of with a noun in the main clause. Hence, it can’t be connected syntactically to a clause, making it impossible to construe in a sentence. On the other hand, when such intransitive roots are made transitive by a verbal prefix, they can easily be used as passive participles: e.g.,
- सर्वेण जनेन अनुभूयमानं दुःखं नङ्क्ष्यति । “The suffering being experienced by all the people will come to an end.”
- सर्वेण जनेन अनुभूयमानं दुःखं नङ्क्ष्यति । “The suffering being experienced by all the people will come to an end.”
- Ātmanepada future passive participles, such as भाषिष्यमाण, are not very common. It is more common to find in their place a gerundive (which is also called a “future passive participle” by some, though it is not built on the future stem). See Lesson 35.